10 Traits of Effective Parents in Navigating the Special Education System
Navigating the Special Education System Advocating for children in the special education system can be a frustrating and overwhelming experience for parents. Parents of children who require special education services quickly learn that they must be attentive and zealous advocates to help their children obtain the supports and placements that they need to make meaningful educational progress. When the system works in a way that allows a child to reach his potential, it is extremely rewarding for parents to see that their advocacy made a difference. Over the past decade I have worked with hundreds of families to help them obtain special education services for their children. Through my work with these families, it has become obvious to me that those parents who are best able to navigate the intricacies of the special education process share several common traits. Many articles have been written by attorneys –including me – that list the common mistakes made by parents in seeking special education services. In this series of articles, I want to take a more positive approach by describing the most productive qualities and practices of those parents who I have seen most effectively advocate for their children. Below are links to a series of tips on navigating the special education system. Trait # 1: Effective Parents are Involved in Their Child’s Education Trait # 2: Effective Parents are Aware of Their Child’s Disability and Their Strengths and Weaknesses Trait # 3: Effective Parents Have an Understanding of Special Education Rules and Regulations Trait # 4: Effective Parents Maintain Accurate, Complete and Organized Records Trait # 5: Effective Parents Cooperate and Share Information with their Child’s Teachers and Special Education Team Trait # 6: Effective Parents Maintain a Cordial and Professional Relationship with School Staff Trait # 7: Effective Parents Build a Team of Professionals to Evaluate and Advocate for their Children We will be posting 10 traits in this series of articles, so please check back for more “traits of effective parents” in the coming weeks. For more information, please contact us at 781-930-3127. Notice: JavaScript is required for this content.No Fields Found.
Read MoreSpecial Education Tip # 11: Maintain Productive Relationships
Maintain Productive Relationships in Special Education Advocating for services or an out-of-district placement for a child with a disability can be a long and frustrating road. Often, parents must engage in countless team meetings, evaluations, and parent-teacher conferences just to accomplish small gains in their child’s service schedule. It is easy to see how many parents become discouraged by the process. Once parents reach the point of hiring an attorney, it is not uncommon to see a complete communication breakdown between the family and the school. Here are a few helpful tips to maintaining a respectful and productive relationship with your child’s school: 1. Develop positive relationships with your child’s teachers. Take every opportunity to communicate with the teacher about your child’s progress. Waiting for report cards or progress reports to discover how you child is doing is often not enough. Be proactive and schedule appointments to make teachers aware of any questions or concerns that you may have. And always remember to compliment teachers on what they are doing right, positive feedback goes a long way! 2. Review your child’s IEP with his or her teachers. Make sure that all teachers understand each provision in the IEP and understand any changes that are made throughout the year. Verify that your child is receiving the accommodations and services that are listed in their IEP and ask for documentation if necessary. 3. Document your concerns and requests in writing. Keep a written record of all of your concerns and requests. Even when a conversation occurs in person or over the phone it is helpful to send an email summarizing the conversation and clarifying any details that may have been misunderstood. These documents can serve as a reference during any future disagreements or be used as evidence in a due process hearing. 4. Think twice before sending an email. Email is one of the fastest modes of communication. It is great to use when a fast response is necessary, but it is easy to become impulsive and send a hostile message in the heat of the moment. Always re-read emails before sending them to your child’s school to make sure that the language is both precise and respectful. Emails written with a negative tone can be damaging during a due process hearing. Children spend at least twelve years of their life in the public school system. Therefore, it is important to remember to use a positive and respectful attitude during all contacts with the school system. Keep in mind that any communication could be brought up during a due process hearing so it is important not to say anything that you would be embarrassed to explain in front of a hearing officer. The upshot: maintain productive relationships with school staff, and that will go a long way to making the special education process easier for you and your child. For more information, please contact us at 781-930-3127. Notice: JavaScript is required for this content.No Fields Found.
Read MoreSpecial Education Tip #10: Choose Evaluators Wisely & Stay Organized
How to choose Special Education Evaluators or Experts Deciding to hire an attorney to undertake a special education case is a big decision for many parents. Preparing to file a hearing request with the Bureau of Special Education Appeals is often a long process filled with many unexpected expenses. Therefore, it’s only natural that parents would like to find cost-saving measures, while still creating the strongest case possible for their child. Here are two tips that will accomplish just that: 1. Choose Evaluators Wisely Independent evaluations are essential to successful outcomes in special education cases. These evaluations have the capacity to pinpoint the exact areas where a child is struggling in as well as outline the optimal program for that individual child. While it may be tempting to find an evaluator based only on price, there are many more factors that parents should consider in order to save money in the long run. The first factor that parents should consider when selecting an evaluator is whether they have the proper credentials to be administering the selected test measures. Many tests can be administered by a professional with a Master’s degree, however it is important to keep in mind that some assessments should only be conducted or interpreted by evaluators with a doctorate. Second, the evaluator should have experience working with children who have a similar profile to your child. Some experts work mainly with children on the autism spectrum, while others are more comfortable administering tests that focus on reading disabilities. Relying upon an evaluator who has experience working with children whose strengths and weaknesses are similar to your child will likely result in a much more precise report. Finally, parents should choose an evaluator who has experience testifying at a hearing. Evaluators provide hearing officers with expert opinions on what an individual child needs. Expert testimony can often win and lose cases, so it is extremely important to choose an evaluator who is comfortable in front of a hearing officer. By choosing an expert with the proper credentials, who has experience working with children of a similar profile as your own child, and who is willing to testify at a hearing, parents can avoid going through the time and expense of obtaining evaluations that are not strong enough to win their case. Selecting the right expert the first time can save parents the cost of having to repeat evaluations in the future. 2. Stay Organized In most cases, children have struggled to make progress in school for several years before their parents resort to hiring an attorney. During these early years, it is important for parents to stay organized and create a record. By keeping and maintaining documents in an orderly fashion, parents can save attorneys from spending several hours organizing and locating documents – which ultimately saves parents money on attorney’s fees. Parents should consider creating binders organized by either year or category. Binders should contain hard copies of all correspondence (including email), evaluations, IEPs, team meeting notes and attendance rosters, signed acceptance or rejection pages, progress reports,
Read MoreWhen an Employee Cannot Be Fired: Exceptions to the At-Will Employment Rule
As we discussed in a previous blog post, most jobs in Massachusetts are categorized as at-will employment. This general rule means that employers or employees may terminate their relationship for any cause, or no cause at all, however there are several exceptions to the general rule. Below are some exceptions to the at-will employment rule: 1. Federal or State Statute A federal or state statute may prevent an employer from terminating the employment relationship in specific circumstances. For example, under both federal and Massachusetts law, employers may not terminate an employee that is a member of a protected category for a discriminatory reason (e.g. race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, age, etc.). This means that an employee cannot be fired because of her race, religion, or gender, to name a few protected categories. However, just because an individual is a member of a protected category does not make any termination legally actionable. The employee must have been fired specifically for a discriminatory reason. Massachusetts’s law also forbids employers from terminating an employee out of retaliation after that employee made a complaint to an outside agency regarding discrimination or illegal conduct in some situations. 2. Implied Covenant of Good Faith & Fair Dealing Every contract in Massachusetts includes an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. This essentially means that no party to a contract should intentionally act in a manner that would harm another party’s ability reap the benefits of the contract. A common example of a breach of this covenant occurs when an employer terminates an employee just before the employee was set to receive a bonus, to avoid payment of the bonus. 3. Public Policy In order to establish an exception to at-will employment based on this exception, there must have been a violation of a clearly established public policy. The three recognized categories of clearly established public policies include: a. Termination for asserting a legally guaranteed right (e.g. voting). b. Termination for doing what the law requires of them (e.g. jury duty, reporting suspected child abuse in positions that require mandatory reporting). c. Termination for refusing to do what the law forbids them to do (e.g. helping the employer commit fraud). In addition to these three well-established exceptions, there have been circumstances where a court has found that termination for voluntarily assisting with a government investigation also falls under the public policy exception. While it may seem clear that an exception to the general at-will employment rule is present in some cases (especially where there is a violation of a federal or state statute), a fact-specific inquiry is often needed to determine whether or not an employee’s specific circumstances falls within an established exception. If you have questions about employment law or the end of your employment relationship, please contact a lawyer in our office today at (781) 930-3127. For more information, please contact us at 781-930-3127. Notice: JavaScript is required for this content.No Fields Found.
Read MoreSpecial Education Tip # 9: Share the Results of Outside Evaluations with Your Child’s School
Share the Results of Outside Evaluations with Your Child’s School Many parents struggle with the decision to disclose information about their child’s disability to their child’s school. While independent evaluations and doctors reports often contain detailed narratives and recommendations that are useful in developing IEPs, they also tend to contain sensitive and confidential information that the family may not necessarily want to disclose to their child’s school. While it can be natural to feel the need to keep sensitive information private, it is important to remember that a District can only provide a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) when they are armed with all up-to-date information about your child. Evaluations and reports must be disclosed if parents expect the District to provide services in accordance with expert opinions. In addition, if a parent intends to use any portion of these independent evaluations or doctors reports as evidence in a due process hearing, those documents should be disclosed to the District ahead of time. Once a hearing request has been filed, the District has the right to ask for any documents that will be used by the parents and their attorney during the hearing in a process called Discovery. If a parent waits for the independent reports to be subpoenaed during Discovery, the District will likely request that he hearing process be halted until the team can consider the expert recommendations. Generally, it is best to disclose all information to your child’s school. Providing the team with independent evaluations and doctors reports not only creates goodwill and a sense of open communication between the parents and school district, but it can also help keep up the pace for a pending due process hearing. If you have questions about sharing information about your child and his or her special education needs with your school district, please contact an experienced special education attorney at Sankey Law Offices. For more information, please contact us at 781-930-3127. Notice: JavaScript is required for this content.No Fields Found.
Read MoreAt-Will Employment Law in Massachusetts
In our practice, we often speak with individuals who have been terminated from employment and are seeking legal recourse. Unfortunately for many individuals who find themselves in this situation, most jobs in Massachusetts are categorized as at-will employment. This means that either the employer or the employee may end the employment relationship at any time, for any reason, or for no reason at all. Generally, neither party is required to give any form of notice or warning before terminating the employment relationship. Here is some information on at-will employment law in Massachusetts. Is Your Job At-Will? For the most part, in Massachusetts a job is considered at-will unless it is otherwise noted in a contract or other agreement. An Employment Agreement or letter offering the position will usually contain language specifically stating if the position is at-will or not. At-will employment is contrasted with a position that is offered for a specified period of time, such as a contract covering a one year period, and this type of position is not “at-will” but rather contractual. In addition to explicit information contained in a written contract, an employer may form an implied contract with employees through an employee handbook or other internal guidelines that provide information about any terms that modify the default at-will status of employment. It is important to note that even if a handbook includes such information, many employee handbooks do contain a disclaimer stating that the employer retains the right to modify employment policies at any time. If an employer does not give any information about whether a position is at-will or not through a formal contract, employment agreement, employee handbook, internal guideline, or oral conversation, it is generally safe to assume that the position is at-will. There are, however, some exceptions to the default at-will employment rule, which we will discuss in our next article. What this Means for Most Employees? In Massachusetts, non-union employees without a contract, are employees at-will and can be terminated at any time, for any reason or no reason. In general, unless there is an employee handbook or other guideline to the contrary, this can also be done without notice. Of course, an employee cannot be terminated for a discriminatory reason or in retaliation for engaging in certain protected activities as this would violate state and federal anti-discrimination laws. Our next article will discuss these prohibitions in greater detail. Please contact an experienced employment attorney if you have specific questions about your employment status or employment discrimination. If you have questions about non-compete agreements or other employment related issues, please give us a call at (781) 930-3127. For more information, please contact us at 781-930-3127. Notice: JavaScript is required for this content.No Fields Found.
Read MoreSpecial Education Tip #8: Provide Consent for School Evaluations
When a school district requests consent to conduct evaluations of a child receiving special education services, many parents’ first inclination is to say no. This is especially true for parents who recently hired an independent evaluator to assess their child’s abilities and make recommendations. Many parents fear that the district will skew evaluations to only show their child’s strengths, making it harder for them to prove that their child is in need of additional services or an out-of district placement. However, it is important to realize that allowing the district to perform its own evaluations is a vital to step in getting your child the necessary services or succeeding at a due process hearing. Therefore, it is important to always provide consent for school evaluations. When facing the possibility of a hearing, parents should do everything possible to be cooperative. By rejecting the district’s requests to conduct its own evaluations, a parent is opening up the possibility that the school district will argue that they could not determine an appropriate placement for the child due to the parent’s refusal to provide information or access to the child. In addition, it is always best for your child’s educational team to have as much information as possible about what your child needs. Providing consent for the school to conduct additional evaluations when requested is one way to ensure that more information about your child’s needs and strengths and weaknesses will be available to all members of your child’s team. In the event that the school district’s evaluations result in recommendations contrary to what you think your child needs, you may request an Independent Educational Evaluation (IEE) for a second opinion or seek out your own private evaluation. And remember, it is completely possible that the district’s evaluations will reinforce what your private evaluator already stated, making your case stronger. For more information, please contact us at 781-930-3127. Notice: JavaScript is required for this content.No Fields Found.
Read MoreBackground Checks on Applicants – Massachusetts Law Offers Certain Protections
Employment Background Checks – Massachusetts Law Background checks are often used by employers as part of the pre-employment screening process. Employers may be able to access certain information about applicants through the use of criminal background checks and credit checks, but the amount of information they will be able to access will depend on whether the particular employer is a public or private organization, the type of industry, and the nature of the position. In this article we will discuss the use of criminal records in the interview and pre-employment screening process; our next article will discuss the use of credit checks. Have Questions? Call Sankey Law Offices Today At (781)930-3127 Prospective employees with criminal records may face some challenges in the employment process. However, Massachusetts provides applicants with criminal records fairly strong protections when it comes to obtaining and using criminal record information in the employment process. It is important to note that, although many employers rely heavily on background checks, such as criminal records and credit checks, they may also access additional information about applicants through publicly available sources of information. Criminal Record Checks One of the primary ways prospective employers investigate applicants is through criminal record checks. Many employers in Massachusetts obtain copies of applicants’ criminal records through a state system called CORI. Some employers may also have access to more in-depth criminal record information through the federal government, which allows for nationwide searches into an applicant’s criminal history. Have Questions? Call Sankey Law Offices Today At (781)930-3127 In 2012, the Massachusetts legislature enacted a law that prohibits employers from asking about criminal record information on their initial written applications. However, employers may ask applicants to disclose information about certain types of convictions during an interview. If an employer wishes to ask an applicant about his or her criminal history in an interview, certain rules apply. Felonies: An employer may ask if an applicant has ever been convicted of a felony. Misdemeanors: An employer may only ask an applicant to disclose information about misdemeanors that occurred within the last 5 years. An Employer may not ask an applicant to disclose information about misdemeanors where the date of conviction or completion of incarceration was five or more years prior to the date of application. An employer may not ask an applicant to disclose first-time convictions for: drunkenness, simple assault, speeding, minor traffic violations, affray, or disturbing of the peace. Employers may not ask about arrests that did not lead to conviction. Most employers cannot ask about sealed criminal records (although some industries, such as daycare centers, do have access to all records, sealed or otherwise.) Have Questions? Call Sankey Law Offices Today At (781)930-3127 What is CORI? CORI stands for Criminal Offender Record Information. CORI provides information about an applicant’s criminal history within the state of Massachusetts. It may also have additional information if outside sources provided the state with their records, but it is not a national criminal record system and typically does not provide information about crimes that occurred in
Read MoreSpecial Education Tip # 7: Recording Team Meetings – is it a Good Idea?
Is it a Good Idea to Record Team Meetings in MA? Team meetings can be stressful and confusing. During a typical meeting, teachers, administrators and specialists offer opinions about your child, often at a rapid pace and using terms with which you may not be familiar. Naturally, it is important for parents to understand what is being said about their child during team meetings so that they can evaluate the special education programs and placements that are being proposed. Given the importance of this information, it would seem to make sense to record the team meeting so that you can review the tape later at home. But is recording a good idea? First, be aware that under Massachusetts law, it is a criminal offense to record another person’s conversation without their consent. This means that, if you wish to record a meeting, you must disclose your intention to the team. With few exceptions, if you notify the team that you want to record the meeting, you will be allowed to do so. If you are denied the right to record a meeting, you should ask the team for a copy of any school policy that they are relying upon to deny your request. However, in our experience, the presence of a recording device at a team meeting often inhibits the participants’ honest discussion about your child and may make it more difficult to reach a decision. Team members are just less likely to speak candidly when they know they are being recorded. Therefore, unless there is some unusual reason for recording the meeting, we suggest that parents forego recording and instead do their best to simply take notes of what transpires. Better still, bring a family member or friend with you whose only job is to write down what is said at the meeting. Most frequently, parents want to record when there is a history of adversarial meetings. Even in these situations, however, recording rarely demonstrates that the team is hostile because members will not speak freely when the recorder is on. Furthermore, parents will need to be cautious in their own remarks because, when the parents record, the team will undoubtedly make its own recording. When would we recommend recording team meetings? Certainly, if a parent has difficulty hearing or understanding what is being said, recording may be the only alternative. Furthermore, recording may be appropriate during any disciplinary hearings or manifestation determination meetings that could result in suspension or expulsion of the student. Honest and candid discussion of a student’s strengths and weaknesses are hallmarks of a good team meeting. When recording the meeting is likely to inhibit this discussion, we suggest that parents carefully consider whether it is worthwhile. For more information, please contact us at 781-930-3127. Notice: JavaScript is required for this content.No Fields Found.
Read MorePre-Employment Testing: What Employers Can and Cannot Require
Pre-Employment Testing Under Massachusetts Law During the hiring process, job applicants may be asked to undergo various forms of testing in order to obtain employment. As a job applicant, you might expect a prospective employer to investigate your criminal background or check your references, but there are many other types of pre-employment screening that are sometimes used. These tests may include medical examinations, drug tests, and lie detector tests. Some of these examinations may be acceptable regardless of the nature of the position, while others may only be used by an employer when the essential duties associated with a position requires additional testing or when such testing is required by federal or state law. Below we will describe several different types of pre-employment screening, and when they are permissible in Massachusetts. Do You Have Pre-Employment Testing Legal Questions? Call Sankey Law Offices Today At (781)930-3127 Medical Examinations Medical exams, prior to the employer making an offer of employment, are not permitted unless they simply involve demonstrating how, with or without reasonable accommodation, the applicant intends to perform the essential duties related to the position. Employers may make an offer of employment contingent upon the applicant’s ability to successfully pass a medical examination. This practice is permitted as long as the exam is required of all employees entering the same position, regardless of any perception of disability. Potential employees may not be excluded from the opportunity to gain employment unless they are unable to pass any portion of a medical exam that directly relates to the applicant’s ability to perform a necessary job function and the problem cannot be remedied with reasonable accommodations. Drug Tests Federal law generally takes a neutral stance on an employer’s ability to administer drug tests as a condition of employment in most industries – although industries such as transportation, aviation, and defense may require drug tests in light of safety concerns. Under Massachusetts law the use of drug tests as a hiring mechanism is neither encouraged nor prohibited. If an employer in Massachusetts chooses to administer a drug test it should occur after an offer of employment has already been made – drug tests should not be administered at any earlier stage in the hiring process. Additional Considerations: If an employer chooses to administer drug tests it must be done so uniformly to all applicants; an employer may not single out specific applicants or groups of applicants based on a suspicion that a particular applicant might be a drug user. An employer that singles out specific applicants or groups of applicants may risk a discrimination claim. Employers who choose to administer drug tests must do so in a manner that does not amount to a significant, unreasonable, or serious invasion of privacy. For example, a drug test should not be administered under circumstances that would require multiple test takers to disrobe in the same room. Determining appropriate level of privacy often requires a consideration of the competing interests of the applicant’s need for privacy and the
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